Insect Orders- Apterygota, Exopterygota




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APTERYGOTA
Order COLLEMBOLA
Springtails, Snowfleas, Collembolans
            Coll – glue
            Embola – wedge or bolt
• Pre-genital appendages
• I segment - Ventral tube or collophore or glue peg
• III segment – Hamula or Retinaculum or spring holder
• IV segment – Furcula or springing organ.





Order THYSANURA
Silverfish, Bristletails, Slickers, Firebrats
            Thysan – bristle or fringe
            Ura – tail
• Long filiform antenna
• Lateral styliform pre-genital appendages
• Long cerci & elongate median caudal filament
• Long life span; more than 3 to 4 years.





                                                                 PTERYGOTA
    EXOPTERYGOTA

Order ODONATA
Dragonflies and Damselflies
            Odon – tooth
• Predaceous
• Mouthparts – strong mandible, maxilla with a tooth like structure called    “mala”, labium of naiads modified as “mask”
• Large compound eyes
• Membranous wings with stigma
• Legs – forwardly directed, like a basket to hold & transfer prey to mouth


Suborder Anisoptera                           Suborder Zygoptera
Dragonflies                                              Damselflies
Stout, large, fast fliers                             Slender, narrow, slow fliers
Holoptic eyes                                          Dichoptic eyes
Unequal wings                                        Equal wings
Wings laterally spread at rest                 Wings held dorsally over the abdomen at rest
Naiads with rectal gills known             Naiads with leaf like caudal gills
as branchial basket 





Order EPHEMEROPTERA
Mayflies, Dayflies, Ephemerids
            Ephemeron – living for a day
            Ptera – wings
•               Delicate, slender adults, living for 1 or 2 days
•               Triangular wings, fore wings larger than hind wings
• Long cerci with or without median caudal filament
• Hemimetabola, winged instar before adult stage called sub-imago
• Nymphs moult as many as 23 times, long development period, 1 to 3 years. 

Order PHASMIDA
Stick insect, leaf insect, walking sticks, phasmids
            Phasm – an apparition (a supernatural appearance)
•       Stick or leaf like
•       Phytophagous
•       Prothorax short, meso- and metathorax long
•       Long filiform antenna (thread like, segments uniform, elongate)
•       Wing venation in leaf insects mimics leaves
•       Eggs – ootheca
•       Camouflage, thanatosis (feigning dead), reflex autotomy between femur and trochanter

1.      Family Phasmatidae (Stick insects)
2.      Family Phyllidae (Leaf insects)






Order ORTHOPTERA
Grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, katydids, mole crickets
            Ortho – Straight
            ptera – wings
•       Mandibulate mouth parts
•       Tegmina fore wings, brachyterous or apterous forms noticed
•       Hind legs – jumping type (saltatorial)


Suborder Ensifera
            Long horned grasshoppers, mole crickets, crickets, katydids

Suborder Caelifera
            Short horned grasshoppers, locusts

Family Tettigoniidae
Long horned grasshoppers, katydids
Ø   Long antennae
Ø   Sword like ovipositor
Ø   Winged as well as wingless forms present.


Family Gryllidae
Crickets
Ø   Nocturnal Songsters
Ø   Long antenna
Ø   Hind wings elongated into a pair of long processes
Ø   Auditory organs in fore tibia
Ø  Sound producing organs in wings.




Family Gryllotalpidae
Mole crickets
Ø   Subterranean, burrowing into moist soil
Ø   Short antennae
Ø   Fore legs digging type (fossorial)
Ø   Damage roots of plants.




Family Acrididae
Short horned grasshoppers and locusts
Ø   Short antennae
Ø   Short ovipositor
Ø   Auditory organs at first abdominal segment.
Ø  Eggs in sac or pod, laid in soil      
Ø   Locusts are the most serious crop pests in many African and Asian countries. They are polymorphic having solitary and gregarious forms. In the gregarious form, they swarm in large numbers in search of food. Such locust swarms lead to severe crop loss and in turn famine.




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