Endopterygota: Diptera & Siphonaptera





https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jhZyeBLVcI&t=46s









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Order Diptera
True flies
            Di – Two
            Ptera – wing
•       Fourth largest order
•       Soft bodied insects
•       Body clothed with setae, bristles or hairs
•       Pro- & Meta thorax small, fused with large mesothorax
•       Forewings - large, hind wings reduced to knob like halteres
•       Larvae called Maggots (apodous)
1.    Suborder Nematocera  (long antenna, eucephalous larvae)
2.    Suborder Brachycera  (Short antenna, hemicephalous larvae)
3.    Suborder Cyclorrhapha (Short aristate antenna,  acephalous larvae)
Family Culicidae    
Mosquitoes
•       Very slender, delicate flies with plumose or pilose antenna
•       Piercing & Sucking mouth parts & long legs
•       Larvae – Wrigglers; Pupae – Tumblers
•       Females – Blood sucking, males – nectar feeding
•       Vectors of diseases
•       Anopheles – Malaria; Culex – Filaria; Aedes – Yellow fever

Family Cecidomyiidae
Gall midges, gall flies, gall gnats
• Delicate, mosquito like
• Long legs and antenna
• Reduced wing venation
 Maggots produce swellings (galls) on plants.

Family Tipulidae
Crane flies
• Long legged with prominent head
• Fast runners on water, thus called water spiders

Family Simulidae
Black flies
• Hump backed
• Biting & Sucking mouth parts
• Maggots – aquatic
• Vectors of Onchocerciasis disease

Family Tabanidae
Horse flies
• Robust, bristle-less
• Large, brightly coloured eyes
• Holoptic in males, dicoptic in females
• Female – blood sucking, having cutting & sponging mouth parts
• Vector of “Anthrax”

Family Asilidae
Robber flies
• Elongate, hairy flies with long abdomen
• Proboscis adapted for piercing
• Strong legs
• Adults – on flight predators

Family Tephritidae
Fruit flies
• Spotted or banded wings
• Females with sharp ovipositor.

Family Muscidae
House flies
• Aristate antenna
• Sponging mouth parts
• Pretarsus with two claws and two sticky pads
• First abdominal segment – yellow in colour

Family Syrphidae
Hover flies or flower flies
• Brightly coloured or striped, hairy
• Resemble bees or wasps
• Vein like thickening in the forewing

Family Drosophilidae
Vinegar flies/Pomace flies
• Small, yellowish
• Red eyes
• Short life cycle (7 days)

Family Tachinidae
Tachinid flies
• Large, hairy flies
• Antennal arista without bristle
• Stout abdomen with large bristles
• Endoparasitic

Family Hippoboscidae
Cattle fly / dog fly / louse fly / sheep ked
• Flat, leathery, winged or wingless
• Head depressed inside prothorax
• Short, strong legs with strong claws. 
  •  Blood sucking ectoparasites on cattle and dog. 



Order Siphonaptera
Fleas
            Siphon – a tube
            Aptera – wingless
Small, ectoparasite on warm blooded animals including man
Vectors of bubonic or septicaemic plague (Black death)
Transfer of plague bacilli by rat flea to humans

• Body sclerotized, laterally compressed
• Piercing & sucking mouth parts
• Compound eyes absent
• Secondarily wingless
• Coxa – enlarged, adapted for jumping



  
Order Trichoptera
Caddisflies, water moths
            Tricho – hair
            Ptera – wings
• Small to medium sized, aquatic
• Moth like, weak fliers
• Vestigeal mandibles
• Filiform antenna
• Wings – membranous, hind wings broader

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